Monday, December 30, 2019

Global Warming Causes And Effects - 1206 Words

Global warming is a naturally occurring phenomenon within our planet that needs to be reduced because it is affecting us in many harmful ways. It is one of the most current and widely discussed factors. It has been impacting us negatively in ways such as biodiversity and climate conditions. Several current trends clearly demonstrate that global warming is directly impacting on rising sea levels, the melting of ice caps and significant worldwide climate changes. Over the years, scientists have conducted experiments to understand the causes and effects of global warming and they have searched for solutions. They have warned others about the dangers of pollution and human activities and have urged others to do something about it. In short, global warming represents a threat to all living things on earth. Scientific understanding of global warming has been increasing and its effects have been proven to be more negative rather than positive for example the melting of glaciers have risen causing sea levels to rise as well. Global warming raises the overall temperature and cause glaciers and ice caps to melt, which makes the water expand. When this happens, sea levels tend to rise more rapidly than normal. According to the Third Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the sea level is expected to rise as much as 88 centimeters in the next century. Melting ice caps will throw the global ecosystem out of balance. For people living in the south FloridaShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming : Causes And Effects905 Words   |  4 Pagesindependent variables that are contributing to the cause of a problem the world is currently faced with, global warming. What is global warming? Well, global warming is a rise in the Earth s average atmospheric temperature that causes corre sponding changes in climate and that may result from the greenhouse effect (which I will talk more about.) Which is when our ozone layer has a hole which gradually increases, and increases heat from the sun. This causes major problems such as the polar caps meltingRead MoreCause And Effect Of Global Warming953 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstand the cause and effect of global warming, but it can take years for scientists to reach a consensus. The claims that global warming is the next apocalypse or is just some fairy tale lack scientific proof. These claims have confused the general public, and leave many citizens’ questions unanswered. Many people are concerned about the overall decline of environmental health due to an increase in man-made greenhouse gas emissions, but experts are now clarifying the debate on global warming with hardRead MoreGlobal Warming : Causes And Effects1369 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming: Clearing up the Confusion to Become Part of the Solution Global warming, often confused with the term â€Å"climate change,† is a problem of worldly proportions that knows no limits, caused in large part by human actions. If it continues unchecked, its effects will be felt around the planet, from human society, to the environment, to the world economy. The purpose of this research paper is to understand the topic of global warming, its causes and effects, in order to help understandRead MoreGlobal Warming : Causes And Effects1325 Words   |  6 Pages Global warming is already taking place. It stopped being a prediction. The temperature at the earth’s surface has averagely increased by around 0.60 C.Both the oceans and the air are warming. It is believed that the greenhouses gases’ concentrations in the atmosphere have increased dramatically since the periods of pre-industrialization. This condition is caused by the activities of human beings most especially through the burning of fossil fuels such as natural gas, oil,Read MoreGlobal Warming : Causes And Effects973 Words   |  4 PagesGlobal warming has become a massive problem throughout the world, and as the population grows so do the effects of climate change. What people do not know is that it is the leading cause of the earth’s end and might be a minor cause of death in the far future. Global warming is one of the many things that humans have caused that has no easy fix. Professors Charles Kennel, V. Ramanathan, and David G. Victor at the University of California – San Diego say that â€Å"Greenhouse gas concentrations are trendingRead MoreGlobal Warming : Causes And Effects880 Words   |  4 PagesGlobal warming has increased significantly since the 1800s and is becoming a significant impact in our everyday lives. It is considered one of the most challenging environmental problems that exists today. Due to global warming, temperatures on Earth are rising and it’s affecting the way people li ve. Many people feel concerned about this issue while others could not care less. Developing countries do not understand the impact global warming has and how they should contribute to it while developedRead MoreGlobal Warming : Causes And Effects1453 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming Introduction A slight change in temperature may not seem that bad but a small rise in global temperature can do a lot of damage. Global warming is an increase in the earth s average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate [11]. This report is going to discuss the many causes of global warming as well as the effects that come with it. It will also discuss ways to prevent global warming from happening. Causes of Global Warming Global warming is whatRead MoreGlobal Warming : Cause And Effect1471 Words   |  6 Pages Global warming (Cause/Effect) Jimareo Kimmons Comp I Dr. Sarthou 10/30/2015 Droughts, lengthy hot spells, heavy downpours, floods, and other extreme weather events are occurring more frequently and intensely every year. Around the world, research teams are analyzing these trends, noting the changes in temperature, rainfall, ice mass, sea level, and many other variables recorded by weather measuring devices. The trends are undeniable: the Earth is getting warmer. Polar sea iceRead MoreGlobal Warming : Causes And Effects1381 Words   |  6 PagesEarth is broken, and we all had a hand in breaking it, inadvertently though it may have been, by adding an abundance of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere that contribute directly to global warming; and we continue to do so every time we start our car, turn up the heat, turn on the lights or throw away trash. Global warming is a problem, caused in large part by human activity, and as it stands, poses a monumental threat to the planet and all of its occupants; while mega polluters do not have an incentiveRead MoreGlo bal Warming: Causes and Effects1422 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Global warming has been a very contentious issue of late in regards to environmental health and safety. Many pundits and critics alike exclaim that global warming is not as prevalent as individuals claim. One such pundit is that of George Will, whose article, Dark Green Doomsdayers indicates that global warming is simply a hoax. The statistics however prove otherwise. Global warming and its effects are far reaching. Society is affected due to higher frequency of natural disasters and drought.

Saturday, December 21, 2019

JFK Essay - 916 Words

Evaluation Of JFK nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Through out the course of history, America has seen great Presidents. These men all exhibited characteristics which helped them to be successful in their endeavor to become the nations leader. Among those characteristics are traits such as being a good spokesperson or leader and being fair towards all which makes for a good President. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;As President, one must make numerous speeches. Someone who has a phobia of making speeches in front of a large group of people, may find this job difficult. Remaining composed and in control of the situation may be crucial in gaining your viewers support. The President also must be able to convey his thoughts clearly so his nation†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;John F. Kennedy may me most memorable for with eloquent speeches. He was a good spokesperson, proving himself right off the bat with his inaugural address in 1961. These speeches instilled support and confidence in the hearts of those who listened. One can see how these feelings might come about in this quote by the President in 1963. quot;What kind of peace do we seek? Not a Pax Americana enforced on the world by American weapons of war. Not a peace of the grave or the security of the slave. I am talking about genuine peace, the kind of peace that makes life on earth worth livi ng, the kind that enables men and nations to grow and to hope to build a better life for their children-not merely peace for Americans, but peace for all men and women: not merely peace in our time, but peace for all time.quot; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;President Kennedy was a natural leader. This was noted by Admiral W.F. Halsey. Saying, quot;His courage, endurance, and excellent leadership contributed to the saving of several lives and was in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.quot; Referring to an incident that earned him a purple heart, in which the future President swam four miles while towing an injured crewman, the Admiral said this in his part. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;More proof of the Presidents leadership skills can be noted in his Aeronautical motives. AsShow MoreRelated Manipulation of Truth in Oliver Stones JFK Essay1260 Words   |  6 Pages Manipulation of Truth in Oliver Stones JFK nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Oliver Stone is a master of manipulation. Being an expert in the art of directing, Stone is able to make an audience believe whatever he wishes. In the 1991 film JFK, Oliver Stone manipulates facts in order to convey a fictional conspiracy involving the assassination of John F. Kennedy. The Zapruder film and the magic bullet theory are two facts that Stone employs to trick the audience into believingRead More JFK assassination Essay1194 Words   |  5 Pages1:00 p.m. without regaining consciousness. Doctors said that Kennedy had no chance to survive when brought into the hospital. Governor Connally, although seriously wounded, later recovered. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;President Kennedy, A.K.A. JFK, was in Texas to gain support for his re-election. Kennedy came to Texas accompanied by his wife and Vice President and Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson. The purpose of his trip was to heal a split in the Texas Democratic Party before the 1964 presidential campaignRead More jfk assassination Essay1030 Words   |  5 Pages456).Jack Ruby the mobster club owner refused to cooperate with investigators and denied to let anyone know why he really killed Oswald.Ruby later died in jail because of cancer and still left a big knot in the investigation of Kennedy’s assassination(JFK Assassination Reasearch material). The unusual signs just prior to the Kennedy’s assassination led to some questions but everything went as planned because of the smoothness of executing the plan. Consequently, the Presidents car leaving the paradeRead MoreJFK Assassination Essay2393 Words   |  10 PagesJFK Assassination On Friday, November 22, 1963, while enroute to the Dallas airport, President John Fitzgearald Kennedy was fatally shot. ABCs newsanchor Walter Cronkite said that it would be a day that will live in infamy. The reason that that fateful Friday is still talked about is the controversy surrounding the assassination. The official investigators determined that the president was killed by a lone gunman, but every single piece of evidence Ââ€" from eye witnesses to forensic evidenceRead MoreEssay on Jfk Assassanation3209 Words   |  13 PagesFirst off a little info about president Kennedy. John Fitzgerald Kennedy, parents were Joseph Patrick Kennedy and Rose Fitzgerald, he was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, on 29th May, 1917. His great grandfather, Patrick Kennedy, emigrated from Ireland in 1849 and his grandfathers, Patrick Joseph Kennedy and John Francis Fitzgerald, were both important political figures in Boston. Kennedys dad was a highly successful businessman who had later served as ambassador for Great Britain (1937-40) ThenRead More Jfk Conspiracy Essay735 Words   |  3 Pagesconspiracy. The U.S. Government has admitted that the American people have not been told the truth about the assassination. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Committee on Assassinations believes that on the basis of evidence available to it, that President JFK was probably assassinated as a result of a conspiracy. The committee also stated that is was unable to identify quot;the other gunmanquot; implying that the first gunman was Oswald, but they never verified him as one. One reason the extent of theRead MoreEssay on The Mystery of the JFK Assassination816 Words   |  4 PagesThe Mystery of the JFK Assassination The assassination of JFK affected the lives of many that were alive during his presidency and forever impacted history. His assassination is shrouded in mystery, and to this day no one knows exactly what happened. He was the youngest elected president, and the youngest president to die in office. JFK was many things. Among these, he was the youngest president, youngest president to die in office, and the first Roman Catholic president (Merriam Websters). SinceRead MoreJFK Leadership Profile Essay1135 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Land of the free, home of the brave†, the United States has stood amongst the most powerful and influential countries of the world for decades and decades. In order to maintain said reputation, the country needs a leader just as strong and influential. In the early 1960s the United States had a leader who was a leader among leaders and had the respect of an entire nation. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was the 35th President, who took office on January 20, 1961- but before that Kennedy was a World WarRead MoreWho Killed JFK? Essay1699 Words   |  7 Pagesthe mafia could limit the Attorney Generals power. It is also rumored that Mob Boss, Sam Giancana was unhappy that he and the President shared the same mistress, Judith Campbell Exner. Robert Bobb y Kennedy would eventually become Americas first JFK assassination conspiracy theorist. Oswald himself also had what appears to be curious ties to Cuba and Fidel Castro. In the months just prior to the Presidents assassination, Oswald was arrested in New Orleans for disturbing the peace while he wasRead More JFK ASSASINATION THEORY Essay3447 Words   |  14 PagesJFK ASSASINATION THEORY November 22, 1963, was one of the darkest days in the history of the United States of America. It was a day of complete turmoil. People all over the country dropped everything that they were doing. Children were permitted to go home from school and people huddled around their televisions in shock as they watched the days events. On this day, John F. Kennedy was brutally assassinated in Dallas, Texas. John F. Kennedy was probably the most beloved and popular president

Friday, December 13, 2019

Accounting in news Free Essays

The article shall discuss about two news articles which has accounting effect in Australia and internationally. Both articles address the same issue of economic meltdown effect to accounting staff and how it shall affect the accounting duties across Australia and abroad. One of it highlights on how staffs have lost faith with their employers due to economic hardship which the companies are going through while the other address the employment treads of accountant in Australia. We will write a custom essay sample on Accounting in news or any similar topic only for you Order Now The articles address a number of accounting issues. They disclose accounting issues and company behavior (Lyons 2009). Due to the economic hardships which most of the companies have been going through has affected their books of account which in turn has affected their investment, and spending. Aequalis consulting which is an accounting and recruitment firm in Sydney said that most of the employees are disillusioned by the way companies are cutting down on cost by reducing their payment or sacking (Fisher 2009). This is a contrast according to Lyons article, because most companies are fighting to improve on quality of their staffs by replacing them with highly qualified staff but this is made impossible due to their financial status. The articles relate to the course materials in supporting that appropriate number of staff with appropriate qualifications to do different accounting duties/roles. It’s very important to have accounting roles well defined such as stock taking, suppliers and deliveries, budgeting and auditing if there is few staff roles which are conflicting would be assigned to the same person which would promote fraud. The accountants will need to keep on updating the payroll and budgetary allocation to different vote heads of the companies to accommodate high turnover of staff and their payments and other company expenditures affected. I have learnt form the articles that it’s very important to improve on accounting staffs quality. Hiring people with right qualifications improves on the company financial planning, appropriate book keeping and preparation of up to standard accounting reports. References Lyons, P, 2009, The action in Aussie accounting, Available at http://news.efinancialcareers.com.au/Guest_ITEM/newsItemId-17094 Fisher, D, 2009, A loss of faith, http://www.brw.com.au/viewer.aspx?EDP://20090402000030994502fid=71s=0t=1title=A+loss+of+faith How to cite Accounting in news, Papers

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Christian Ethics for Explorations in Theology -myassignmenthelp

Question: Should Christians become vegetarians? Answer: Introduction On my view, I think the Christian should become vegetarians. Over the years there has been controversy on regardless of whether Christians have the obligation of following the vegetarian, or at best meat-free diet that has progressed on for the decades (Amato Partridge, 2013). Most of the religions possess some type of the dietary laws; for instance the Old Testament, has detailed the food specifications that are still accompanied by various religions. Moreover, while looking for the scriptures for the alternatives, interpretations of precisely what the Bible highlights with regards to whether the mankind should devour other animals or at least differ much widely. Depending on David Grumett, a lecturer in the Christian Ethics at the University of the Edinburgh, he has proven there is certainly simply no solitary perspective in the Christian theology regarding consuming of the animals (Amato Partridge, 2013). Nevertheless, in the event that the meat is eaten, Dr David implies there ought to be moral approach. The animals must be elevated well. They should be recognized in precisely how they may be treated since they are gifts from God that were meant as companion. Additionally, if they are killed, this must be handled total minimum pain and the feasible suffering (Mackay, 2011). In this essay it will look at whether Christian should become vegetarians, considering they are re-evaluated on the moral status of the animal since they are concerned with the animal suffering. Individuals who become vegetarians often speak of the conversion to vegetarianism, because of this ethical component when it comes to their dietary practices. They have come to realize that the animals have the feelings and we should not kill them unnecessarily. Communicating to this ethical concern to the outside world, is much more difficult (Mackay, 2011). The Christian vegetarians more often find themselves in the odd position of sharing of the central part of their lives with the Jewish or the secular vegetarian which they do not share with their own religious community. Biblical narrative on killing animals In the narrative of the Bible God bestowed Noah together with his descendants restricted consent when it comes to consuming meat, however this is certainly particularly takes place after the sins comes into the order of the creation (Conradie, 2016). For great the history of the Christian history the new heavens along with the new earth that has already been pointed out in the New Testament it is decided to incorporate then nonhuman animals. Based on the Pope Francis he had pointed out that each in the off the cuff remarks and binding papal records that the afterlife might be knowledgeable by our fellow creatures (Largen, 2009). This explains that the animals are cherished animals by God and themselves will certainly predict the external life as the human experiences. The ramifications of the theological incontrovertible fact that the nonhuman animals fall under God instead of to the humans, has been obviously to the early Christians compared to it is to us presently (Largen, 2009). You will find different variation of the Christians that are commencing to recuperate to an infinitely more conservative view for the animals; one that honors the Bible along with the traditional Christianity over the present practices of sacrificing billions of the animals which are regarded idol of consumerism. Reason why Christians should give up animal cruelty and become vegetarians. One of the reason is that Gods original menu for the humans was vegan. This has been clearly examined in Bible in the book of Genesis 1 :29-30 ; it emphasizes that , Then God stated , I have provided you every single seed-bearing plant that are on the surface of the entire world and every tree that has fruit with seed within it (Linzey, 2009) . These will likely be your food. Also to all the beasts of the earth together with the birds that are in the sky in addition to the creatures which move along the ground-everything which breathe of life in it- I give every green plant for the food. This shows that God wanted man to eat the green plant for food he did not specify that the animals be eaten. From my understanding and interpretation is that God clearly highlighted that the man should eat the green plant for food and did not highlight that the animals he had provided be food. Another reason is that eating meat could cause climate change. The Christians are called to be the caretakers of the creations, yet the meat, eggs as well as dairy food waste much of the valuable resources and they contribute to the deadly change in the climate (Linzey, 2009). One of the single most effective things which the Christians could do would be to steward the creations of God and go vegan. Another reason is the animals do not want to die for our supper. Jesus understood how animals could much rather take care of their families than end up on our end plates. According to the Bible in the Scripture of Mathew 23: 37 highlights that, How often have I longed to gather on your children together, as a hen gathers her chicks under her wings. There has been questions has to whether it is ethical for the humans to consume the animals. It appears that the religious leaders all throughout the ages have been able to grapple with the contradictions which are inherent in the following as well as advocating peaceful existence of the human while at the same time they are killing and eating the animals (Tester, 2014). When it comes to the Christians there has been dilemma which is central which has been addressed in the very first chapter in the Bible Genesis, which has preceded even on the 10 Commandments which states that the initial thing which God did was creating the humans so they were termed to steward the earth along with the creatures (Gruen, 2011). The second thing which he announced was to see have I have offered you even the plant which produce seed that are on face of the earth, and every tree that has fruit ; you shall have them for food . This demonstrates an obvious call for the Vegetarianism from the basis of pre cisely what God has pointed out. Eating animals, today has certainly not been taken lightly. The Christian theologians are rediscovering the links that is between out dietary and spiritual choices (Linzey, 2009). Many people are arguing that vegetarianism is the diet that is most compatible with the Christian values for example mercy and compassion. Based on the Anglican priest and the Oxford professor Andrew Linzey who holds a PHD; they have argued that the Bible shows that to stand with the Jesus would be to, respect existence for the sake of the lord of life was to stand with the active empathy for the fragile, against the principle which can be right. Dependent on Linzey view this indicates the Christians should be vegetarian (Linzey, 2009). The contemporary Christian vegetarianism has been rooted to the ethical issues in relation to the abuse of the creation. Historically the Christians who select not to eat the flesh also observed their diet to be the approach to the larger s pirituality along with increased sanctity. Churches views Based on the Anglican Church look at the resolution from the 1998 Lambeth conference of the Anglican Church quite a lot standard to the contemporary considering the Christian with regards to the animals (Gruen, 2011). In the conference they conducted pointed out that the reaffirmation of the biblical vision of creation would be the fact it is a web inter-dependent relationships which is bound together to the covenant which the Holy Trinity has established the entire earth and precisely what is residing in it (Zur Klckner, 2014). Nonetheless, based on the catholic view it knows about that the animals have an instinctive value and they also have a place in the kingdom of God. Based on the Catholic Ethics of life, it highlights that the Christians ought to prevent anything which generate all the unnecessary struggling or maybe death to the animals (Mackay, 2011). Based on the Bible it highlights that in Gods plan man along with the woman have the vocation of subduing worldwide as the s tewards of God (Tester, 2014). This therefore, means that they were given the power to rule over everything on the earth and be the protectors of the creation of God (Lusk Norwood, 2016). Furthermore, killing of the creations of God do not conform to the aspect that they are protecting them irrespective they are eating them for food purposes. The Christian have the moral duty to consume the foods which may be significantly less due to the unnecessary suffering, unjust treatment, or even the human-induced premature death of the sentient beings that are a lot more focused on preventing the suffering as well as the preserving on their lives that God highlighted are much valuable and good (Mackay, 2011). Nonetheless, despite this Biblical interpretations on this issue there are some Christian who eat meat. Vegetarianism has been a Christian practice which has been based on the impacting compassionate teachings of Jesus Christ as well as the early church to all the sentient. Currently, this practice is not the current when it comes to the western Christian belief in addition to their culture. This notion and practice has just is scriptural and is supported historically. Some Christian have been eating meat since their interpretation in regards to the Bible is that it teaches them that human beings possess the dominion over the beasts and killing them for intent behind food or even any service to the human is a lot permitted (Mackay, 2011). Nevertheless, putting this aside general contentment of this ethos of dominance within the Christianity, the fact simply continue to be that when all the scriptural passages which are relevant to the animal welfare needs to be viewed within the bigger context of the Christian message on the facet of grace, atonement along with mercy that has already been exhibited all through the Bible (Mackay, 2011). There exists a considerably argument that has promoted the humane along with the compassionate treatment of the animals. In the Biblical point of view there have been strong case for the complete abstinence from the meat in addition to all the products that has been taught through the years (Leroy Praet, 2015). Man y of the celebrated Christian leaders, theologians along with the teacher were all vegetarians who espoused the view that the consumption of the meat is significantly as opposed to the Biblical message of love in addition to compassion (Tester, 2014). Biblical hermeneutics helps to resolve issue why Christian should be vegetarians Many of the Christians usually become vegetarians since it has to do with what they believe about God. There usually find that there are assertions when it comes to the scriptures which God has emphasized with the animals (Tester, 2014). Jesus clearly highlighted that not a sparrow falls to the ground without the Heavenly Father being emotionally involved. Additionally, many of the Christians shy away from eating meat because the Bible teaches us that we should treat our bodies just as the temples of God (Leroy Praet, 2015). Thus, individual need to do nothing which will hurt their bodies. Eating of the meat such as the red meat just as dietician would highlight is not good for the human bodies (Tester, 2014). The scripture commands individuals to maintain a healthy bodies and vegetarianism is a much healthier way of life. Moreover, in the peaceful kingdom which the Christ will establish during his second coming, vegetarianism will again be established order to the all the animals, which will also include the humans. Conclusion Becoming a vegan is a personal decision to the Christian, and thus there should be no condemnation of the ones who eat meat. Nonetheless, according to my view Christian who still eat meat need to re-evaluate the moral status of the animals, these are the creatures which were created by God and the humans were given the Stewardship to dominant them and protect them. The scripture of the Bible starting from Genesis that God gave humans all the seed yielding crops for food and did not categorize that the animals be eaten. I do think that the Christians who eat meat need to consider the reasons which I have provided in the essay as to why they need to become vegetarians. References Amato, P. R., Partridge, S. A. (2013). The new vegetarians: Promoting health and protecting life. Springer. Conradie, E. M. (2016). What do we do when we eat? Part II-a theological inquiry. Scriptura, 115, 1-21. Gruen, L. (2011). Ethics and animals: An introduction. Cambridge University Press. Kessler, C. S., Holler, S., Joy, S., Dhruva, A., Michalsen, A., Dobos, G., Cramer, H. (2016). Personality profiles, values and empathy: differences between lacto-ovo-vegetarians and vegans. Complementary Medicine Research, 23(2), 95-102. Largen, K. J. (2009). A Christian rationale for vegetarianism. Dialog, 48(2), 147-157. Leroy, F., Praet, I. (2015). Meat traditions. The co-evolution of humans and meat. Appetite, 90, 200-211. Linzey, A. (2009). Creatures of the same God: Explorations in animal theology. Lantern Books. Lusk, J. L., Norwood, F. B. (2016). Some vegetarians spend less money on food, others don't. Ecological Economics, 130, 232-242. Mackay, H. (2011). Right and wrong: How to decide for yourself. ReadHowYouWant. com. Tester, K. (2014). Animals and Society (RLE Social Theory): The Humanity of Animal Rights. Routledge. Zur, I., A. Klckner, C. (2014). Individual motivations for limiting meat consumption. British Food Journal, 116(4), 629-642.